1. Purpose of the General Plan
The 2020 General Plan of Almaty Development is the main document of the city building with the purpose of ecological security, protection of environment and cultural legacy and establishing favourable conditions for the city sustained development.
The General Plan is designed in a way so that Almaty will continue performing functions of the Southern capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan and strengthen relations with Almaty agglomeration.
The General Plan is considered as the basis for elaborating and implementing long-term and short-term programs focused on city infrastructure development, preserving and cultivating of natural complex, reconstruction of dwellings and reorganization of production facilities, construction of public, business and cultural centers, developing tourism sphere, improvement of living conditions in the city, elaboration and implementation of urban plans to develop administrative districts and other territorial units in Almaty and design of projects aimed at city planning and building.
The objective of the General Plan for Almaty is to hold a complex of city building measures to facilitate ecologically safe, secure and socially comfortable environment.
The main idea of the architectural and city building General Plan is to preserve and continue shaping the current profile of Almaty – “City of Apples ”.
2. Indicators of Social and Economic Development
Demography
A cluster of social factors, both traditional and well-known factors and new social and economic changes and transformations that are now being shaped will have impact on dynamics of demographic processes till 2020.
Demographic development of Almaty will depend on natural and migration movements of population which scales and directions will result from social and economic transformation:
• strengthening of the city economic ability;
• development of dwelling market ;
• level of employment and salaries;
• government and local social policy, etc.
Perspective number of population is forecasted based on the hypothesis of step-by-step fertility reduction and increase (from 11,5 to 7,8 and 15,2 per 1000 inhabitants), mortality rise and fall (from 11,8 to 12,4 and 8,2 per 1000 inhabitants), growing lifetime and migration surplus. Positive migration balance was achieved in 1998-2000 and is expected to keep growing till the end of the forecasted period.
Forecasts of the number of population in Almaty are determined by sustained and accelerative demographic trends in Almaty, Almaty region and on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a whole. The most persistent forecasts concern the summative number of population in Almaty, including permanent and temporary residents. As forecasted, the perspective summative number of population in Almaty will total 1,500,000 persons that covers 1,300,000 permanent residents, and 200,000 temporary residents.
Given the analysis of the population structure, number of persons involved in city building is expected to rise by 2020 from 189,500 to 327,600 people, and in the service area this figure will increase from 354,100 to 390,000 out of the total number of population, if broken down by trades.
The goal of the social atmosphere development and city building is to establish social and psychological comfort and good conditions of living in Almaty.
Economic indicators of efficiency of the main trends that have been selected for city building will be as follows:
Compared to 2000, by 2020 increase is envisaged in
• gross regional products by 3 times;
• capital investments by 2,5 times ;
• income per capita by more than 2 time
Housing and Civil Construction
Main trends of complex building are to averagely provide 22 m 2 per a person and increase residential properties to до 27,5 million m 2. Construction will occur on free territories (1,1 thousand hectares, i.e. 2,42 million m 2 out of total area) along with territories under reconstruction by demolition of old shanty dwellings and compacting current housings - 1,8 thousand hectares (5,27 million m 2 out of total area). For the whole period, individual construction totaled 37% of all housing construction.
The following are the prioritized programs of reconstruction and development of living territories in Almaty:
• reconstruction of districts with low compactness of buildings in the structural part of city where territories are being used quite intensively (territories nearby highways, in the center, city hubs, etc.). It also includes demolition of 0,2 million m 2 of total territories where one-storied buildings are situated, and compensation to lodgers of old buildings forced to mover out because of construction of new sky-scrapers on these territories. Total area of new constructions is estimated as 1,47 million m 2;
• accomplishment of constructions and creation of housing complexes on free municipal territories that are laying outside of old districts. It will be accompanied by launching 4,2 million m 2 of residential properties, including 0,7 million m 2 resulted from reorganization of industrial territories and compacting existing public housing;
• forming of complexes of low-rise buildings, for example, cottages, that constitute up to 1,02 million m 2 of residential properties in contact areas of landscape framework and urbanized territories;
• restoration, reconstruction and municipal improvement of residential areas and historical complexes, if considered to be of great cultural and historical value and were built in XIX — early XX (20-50s); protection of living territories and improvement of the center of Almaty;
• step-by-step reconstruction of micro-districts that were founded in 60-80s and were later subject to complete overhaul, re-planning, additional building on, demolition of 1.15 million m 2 of damped housings, and new erection of comfortable earthquake-proof high-rise 12/16 – storied buildings with total area of 1,41 million m 2.
Municipal residential properties are the key element of the emerging housing market. From the experience of the developed countries, construction of municipal buildings for socially protected persons and similar categories of citizens should constitute at least 20-25% of total construction works. These are mainly multistory blocks that were made of cheapest and easily accessible technologies. Apartments in such buildings are of quality stipulated by the legislation.
Volume of new municipal housing construction equals 1,9 million m 2 out of the total area envisaged for construction till 2020. Annually, it is averagely 90 thousand m 2.
The General Plan in aimed at developing social spheres in context of new social and economic circumstances towards widely-acceptable standards of provision of services by public institutes and improvement of city facilities by 2020.
In addition, social spheres are going to be developed by new construction and reconstruction of service objects which total area is 4,77 million m 2. In this case the city will service up to 7,97 million m 2 of total area.
Economic Activities
In Almaty, it is recommended: a) to re-organize different industrial branches, including those related to sciences, culture and high technologies; b) to facilitate development of production, business and social infrastructures, services, tourism and recreation, and c) to liquidate and re-organize hazardous and resource-intensive industries.
Such restructuring of productive industries will facilitate high technologies production and resource-saving industries.
Almaty is expected to keep the status of the main city of the Republic of Kazakhstan and intensively develop scientific and technological, educational, cultural, social, productive and infrastructural capacities and networks of market infrastructure institutions on the national and international levels.
One of the plans is to effectively combine and promote interaction between the public and private sectors of economy.
The General Plan includes reorganization of production territories to make them environmentally safe and sound. Another element of the plan is to more effectively use building capacity of these territories to the benefit of the city.
Recreational City Infrastructure
The comprehensive city program of recreational infrastructure development has been designed specifically for facilitating new economic sphere in the city – tourism, using historical and cultural legacy and unique nature of Almaty. This new economic sphere will contribute to fund-raising for maintenance, restoration and recreation of historic memorials and natural capacity.
The program provides for annual increase in number of tourists from 253,5 thousand persons ( incl. 138,5 thousand tourists from Kazakhstan and 115 thousand foreign tourists ). Totally, it is required to provide 24,6 thousand seats ( incl. 14,71 thousand seats for regulated national tourism and 9,9 thousand seats for foreign tourism inflows), elevate tourism facilities and zones, develop comprehensive tourism infrastructure, including:
• expanding of tourism in Almaty since it is a crucial element of the tourism complex on the Kazakhstani part of the Silk Way; therefore, it is necessary to strengthen capacities of tourist institutions of the Almaty memorial region of Silk Way up to 25,000 seats, including the hotels of Almaty (from 5,8 до 7,8 thousand seats);
• forming of a centralized system of tourist zones connecting tourist facilities by footpaths, organization by tourist firms accommodation, services and leisure for tourists, harmonization of tourist zones by a unified system of transport itineraries;
• overhaul of tourist facilities by increasing capacities of entertainment and sport facilities, constructing an international tourist center and buildings for holding congresses, exhibition and fairs;
• development of networks of hotels, information and household facilities, tourist bureaus and transport agencies;
• fostering of tourist services in airports, railway stations; forming of a fleet and support to service companies that maintain special transport or rent cars to tourists; expanding of parking places in tourist zones
3. Objectives of Almaty Development
The main objective of urban development in Almaty – to facilitate sustained development of the city and create favorable conditions for living and working in Almaty for modern and future generations. To achieve the above goals is necessary:
• to guarantee ecological safety and stability of natural complex;
• creation of the city-garden, the biggest and most beautiful city in the Republic of Kazakhstan ;
• to secure cultural succession of decisions related to urban development; space unity, esthetic expressiveness, harmony and natural diversity of the city;
• to provide for reliable and safe transport and engineering infrastructures; to find comprehensive solutions of housing problems, overhaul and develop living territories and cultivate environment;
• efficient usage of production territories;
• development and accessibility of the system of public centers.
The above goals should be achieved by reorganizing and elevating Almaty, reconstructing buildings and improving living conditions.
Ecological requirements to Almaty development:
• to make rigorous efforts to improve situation in zones of ecological discomfort, especially in the center, on south-east, east and south of the city;
• to protect natural complex from adverse anthropogenic impact; to rehabilitate and restore vales that have been damaged because of production activities that were hold on those territories; and form new forestry on reserve territories;
• to elevate living conditions by planting and improving mezzo-climate and microclimate conditions in the public and residential zones of the city;
To comply with ecological requirements to Almaty development is necessary:
• to liquidate hazardous areas that may pose threats for population;
• to tackle sanitation, rehabilitation and reorganization of the territories that were exposed to strong technogenic load (for instance, unauthorized dumps, territories with high gas pollution и noise nearby highways, etc.);
• liquidation of hazardous productions; launching of ecologically safe non-waste or minimum-waste technologies and internal-drainage production cycles; equipping of all production, power engineering and municipal facilities with modern gas clearing, dust retaining and water purifying equipment;
• changes in structure of gas fuel used by increasing a number of vehicles on liquefied and compressed gas;
• following standards of high-quality drinking water and clearing manufacturing and public sewerage and surface of sewers;
• construction of highways for non-stop traffic;
• construction of bypass highways mainly for freight transportation;
• multi-stage processing and neutralization of manufactured and solid wastes.
Requirements of Historic and Cultural Legacy Preservation and Regeneration
Main directions of urban development should not breach the following requirements of the city historic and cultural legacy preservation and regeneration:
• to guarantee preservation, revelation and procurement of the whole historic, natural and landscape, planning, composition and architectural and environment objects of the city with urban development and architectural means, including historical relief, municipal and natural landscape, historical network of streets, squares and districts, historical system of architectural ensembles, visual dominants, accents and zones of the visual perception of the city area, immovable cultural monuments, traditional building and improving approaches;
• to position districts and streets that preserve historic features to largest extent as specially protected territories;
• to introduce and follow special building standards for territories with immovable memorials and zones of their protection so that the above standards could restrict these territories and launch appropriate regimes for construction activities on these territories;
• to introduce and fulfill special building requirement for zones of protection of historic and natural landscapes so that these requirements could restrict the above zones and determine regimes of regulating construction activities within the limits of such zones to protect and provide best conditions for visual perception of landscapes;
• to promote restoration and reconstruction of immovable memorials and facilitate revelation of memorials, their accounting and certification.
Main Directions of Preserving and Developing Natural Complexes
The natural complex of Almaty is a combination of the territories where planting and/or water objects prevail. These territories are designed as environmental, recuperating, recreational and landscape sharing facilities and form natural and landscape framework of the city. Territories of the natural complex include a) natural territories — forests and parks (the Baum’s grove), natural vales of river and streams; b) green areas — squares, gardens, boulevards, monuments of gardening and landscape architecture, along with green residential areas and public, production facilities and utilities; c) reserved territories assigned for restoring damaged natural territories and recreating lost natural territories as well as facilitating new green territories.
Preservation and development of natural territories are mainly aimed at:
• preservation of integrity of the Almaty natural complex, suburbs and Almaty agglomeration;
• shaping of recreating zones of different hierarchy levels;
• ecologization of designing and maintaining specific territories of the natural complex; extension of the natural complex area from 4 to 14,2 thousand hectares.
Territory Architecture and Planning
The General Plan provides for urban development within the limits of the cit to be accompanied by the intense deploy of the inter-city territories.
The territorial development of the city is provided by cultivating non-used territories located along main planning axes: in the western, eastern, northern and southern directions (the foothills are the natural complex).
The General Plan stipulates construction both of low-rise and high-rise buildings. High-rise buildings are going to be traditionally erected on the west of the city – between Paiymbek avenue and Tole bi street, along the Abay avenue and on the south of the city in Samal areas. Besides, many-storied buildings will be constructed in the downtown by selective reconstruction.
To form main highways of the city and construct overpasses and road junctions on different levels it is planned to demolish low-rise buildings on Seifullin str., Dostyk ave., Raiymbek prs., Abay ave., Tole bu str., Zhansugurov str., Zhandosov str., Shemyakin str., Furmanov trs., Northern semiring, etc. Construction of low-rise building will be carried out on the north-west of the city on the territories located to the north from Ryskulov prospect between Karagalinka and Borolday rivers, on the east – between Shemyakin str. and Malaya Almatinka river to the north from KazPAS ponds, on the north – nearby the Pervomayskaya oil storage.
Natural and ecological and transport framework is the basis of forming a future planning structure of the city. Such a framework is shaped by mountain rivers crossing the city in the meridian direction through parks, squares, boulevards and other green territories that are called “city lungs”.
Large-scale green territories are laid out along the main natural boundaries that connect environment with its elements in the city (Aksai, Yesentai and Kargalinka, Bolshaya and Malaya Almatinka, etc.).
As a whole, the ecological framework is a network consisting of large cells and mutually crossed corridors of meridian and latitudinal orientation for passing airstreams of mountain, valley and plain circulation. The function of a corridor valley winds will be performed by the network of alleys, boulevards, recreation zones which main component is the recreation zone nearby BAK.
A system of highways should become the next element of the urbanized framework. The General Plan covers development and improvement of the city transport infrastructure by complimenting existing roads with the new meridian and latitude highways, pass roads, maintenance services, construction of transport junctions, overpasses, flyovers, etc. Development of the city transport infrastructure will depend on creation of the centralized system of freeways provided that such freeways will further be distinguished as roads for regulated traffic and roads for ongoing movement.
For branching transit transport flows from the center of the city, it is planned to construct a system of the sustained movement rings that will encircle the center of the city.
The Big Almaty Ring Highway (BAKAD) will isolate municipal territories from external transit flows. BAKAD will be laid out from the Talgar track on the east to Zhandosov street on the west.
To improve environment situation in the city, the General Plan included overhaul of the road network, underground construction, increasing the number of electric transport, extension of maintenance services, etc.
Further city development will be accompanied by bifurcation of the municipal transportation system. Within the framework of the General Plan, it is expected to set up sub-centers of the city core at the biggest transport junctions.
After the city started developing in the western direction, a new multifunctional sub-center of the public center is being constructed on the conjunction of Abay Avenue and a prospective municipal freeway. In the northern direction the center is the Almaty-1 railway square.
The third sub-center of the city core is being organized on the east on the crossing of Kulzhinkiy and Talgarskiy tracks. It wil be the tourist complex “Ancient Almaty”.
In the center of the city, it is planned to preserve and restore traditional design and architecture, structures of historical buildings, principles of systems of alleys for pedestrians, boulevards, squares, and recreate the lost elements of the historical natural and landscape framework.
The General Plan stipulates a series of measures to promote preservation of historical and cultural monuments on the basis of archeological memorials and establish cultural and research centers, such as the National Ethnographical Center on Borolday saki tumuli and the Ancient Almaty Center on the main road of the Silk Way – Kulzhinskiy track.
Main Directions of Developing Public Territories
Functional, architectural and spatial base of the urbanized city framework is formed by public territories that comprise main functions and working places in the service sector, culture, leisure, tourism, education, administration and business spheres.
Main directions of developing public territories include developing a single system of the territories of public municipal centers and a system of local multifunctional service centers in biggest residential areas.
Development of a single system of the territories of public municipal centers provides for:
• territorial growth of this system from 1,15 to 2,60 thousand hectares, increase in the volume of public construction by 2,5 times – from 3,21 to 7,94 million square meters, including socially guaranteed construction by 2,7 times – from 1,53 to 4,06 million square meters and municipal construction by 2,3 times – from 1,68 to 3,88 million square meters;
• forming of specialized zones to locate government buildings, representation offices, diplomatic missions of foreign countries;
• enhancing representative, cultural and entertainment capacities of the central districts of the city;
• intensive development of public territories (centers, junctions, multifunctional zones) in the middle of the center, setting up most working places in this area and developing transport flows in business, administration and trades;
• intensive creation of recreational, sport, entertainment and cultural centers in contact zones of the urbanized and natural frameworks of the city that are formed by transport junctions and growing number of tourists actively visiting historic and natural parks of the middle zones.
Strengthening of a network of local multifunctional centers is to be held in biggest residential areas outskirts of the city to make living conditions for residents of these districts more comfortable, i.e. provide access to working places and social infrastructure facilities, especially to trade and entertainment facilities.
Almaty Zoning
According to the General Plan, the urban zoning of Almaty is carried out in conformity with Resolution 2.07.01-89 «Urban development» and Resolution Б.1-7-97. The General Plan identifies standards of functional usage of urban cadastral sectors by territories. An urban cadastral sector is a part of Almaty territory restricted by territorial unit of the city, taking into account red lines of freeways, territories of the natural complex and other boundaries. Within the city area, there are approximately 400 urban cadastral sectors. Their average area totals 60 — 75 hectares.
The functional designation of an urban cadastral sector determines the appropriate proportions of residential, public, production and natural facilities.
Such functional designation of the territories of urban cadastral sectors is a legal instrument to secure purposeful usage of the city territory in accordance with the requirements and main direction of Almaty development.
The functional designation of the territories of urban cadastral sectors should be taken into consideration by administrative authorities while making decisions related to urban development and usage of lands. Urban development activities that are in breach of the determined functional destination of the territories of urban cadastral sectors are prohibited by Resolution 2.07.01-89 «Urban development».
The functional designation of the territories of urban cadastral sectors within the frameworks of the General Plan is set up by the General Scheme of Almaty’s functional zoning.
The General Scheme of the functional zoning legally endorses any changes into the usage of the city territories that are stipulated by main directions of Almaty development and the Programme of short-term urban development actions.
General schemes portray the following key trends of transforming functional usage of territories:
• increasing share of territories of natural destination and residential areas in parallel with condensing volume of production zones;
• intense growth of public territories;
• decreasing number of the territories of specialized functional usage and growing share of the territories of combined functional usage.
4. Transport Infrastructure Development
Transport is the main source of pollution in the city (approximately 80% of all pollutants’ emissions). Therefore, among the other components of the General Plan there are overhaul of the road network, underground construction, rolling stock upgrading, increasing a number of electric transport, streamlining of fuel stations and maintenance services.
Main types of municipal public transport in Almaty are the underground (high-speed transport) and general transportation means such as buses, trolley-buses, street railway, taxi.
The General Plan is aimed at accomplishing construction activities and putting into operation a thee-line underground in Almaty:
First line will start from Raimbek’s station (north crossing of Raimbek prospect and Furmanov Str.,) along Furmanov Str., till Abay prospect and along Abay prospect till Sain Str. The first part of the first line is ending with Alatau station (to the east of Gagrin’s str.). Here, passengers will transfer from one line to the other line. Totally, there will be 10 stations along the first line. The length of the line is 13,3 km, the length of the first part - 8,5 km.
Second line will start from the Park Gorkogo station at the Central Park of leisure under Zhibek Zholy str. and then turn to Gogol str., after that – to Auezov str., and then along Abay prospect crossing the first line (on the Alatau station) and then tracing along Кщянифлшну str. (on the western side) till Toraigyrov str. and will end at the Orbita station. Totally, there will be 9 stations along the second line. One of them is designated for transferring to the first line. The length of the second line is 14 km.
Third line continues the first line and starts on the Raimbek station tracing on the north till the railway station Almaty I. Then, this line is going along the railways between Almaty I and Almaty II. Partially, this line is going on the land. The length of this part is 3,5 km. Total length of the third line is 8,5 km. Four stations will be located on the third line.
Electric deport is located on two platforms: one of them is to the north from the Almaty-II, another – to the west from the crossing of Sain str. and Toraigyrov str.
The General Plan stipulates construction of new highways and reconstruction of existing highways designed for ongoing and regulated traffic as well as roads in the region (total length of these roads is 207km) and creating three main high-speed transport rings:
Big Ring ( length is 103 km):
-BAKAD (Big Almaty Ring Highway) – starts on the east from Talgar track, turns as a semi-ring the Almaty airport, Energeticheskiy village, Yntymak village, Ashibulak village on the north, western part of TPP-2 (thermal power plant), Avangard village till crossing with the external highway Almaty-Uzynagash and along this road till Zhandosov str., then along Sain str.Al-Farabo prospect, South-West semi-ring till Talgar track and along the track till the end.
Middle Ring ( length is 61 km): – starts from Talgar track, goes on the north along the road to the Airport till Mailin str., along Bekmakhanov str., highway to the oil storage, Burundai highway, along Sain str, Al_farabi prospect, South-West semi-ring and long Talgar track till the end.
Small Ring ( length is 32 km): -starts from Talgar track, goes long Ryskulov str., Bekmakhanov str., Mukanov str., Baizakov str., crossing the new part of the road on the flyover to the west from KazGNU and then goes along the South-East semi-ring.
Traffic roundabouts are going to be constructed on different levels on crossings of highways and roads. Totally, 51 roundabouts will be created. By 2020, roundabouts will be set up on the Big Ring – 7 roundabouts, Middle Ring – 11, Small Ring – 7. It is also planned to facilitate development of the service sectors, including filling stations, parking places, garages, service centers, etc.
Electric transport is also going be promoted – new trolley-bus itineraries will be launched by Medeo skating ring, along Al-Farabi prospect, Sain str. Street railway routes will increase in the downtown and on the west of the city.
5. Engineering Infrastructure Development
Water supply system
The General Plan identifies the following directions of developing the municipal water supply system:
• to preserve and facilitate the existing zonal water supply system and increase its daily output capacity up to 1081 thousand m3 as drinking, production and fire-prevention water conduit;
• to improve water supply system by reconstructing and erecting new diversion facilities, increasing reservoir capacities and constructing new water conduits;
• to provide sustained water supply to low-rise building areas (Shanyraki from 1 to 6, Aigerim, Ulzhan, Shkolnik 1,2, Dubok, Taugul-3, Darkhan, Kalkaman 2,3, Duman 1,2, etc.), also settlements considered to be within the limits of the city (Kirov, Trudovick, Ozhet, Akbulak, Druzhba, Karasu, etc), and new construction districts that are mostly located to the west from Algabas village, to the west from Pervomaika village, in Mamyr, by constructing new water conduits, freeway networks taking into accounts the specifics of the current water supply system;
• to preserve and facilitate existing sources of water supply in the city (surface waters of Bolshaya Almatinka and Malaya Almatinka, Almaty and Talgar pools of subsurface waters;
• to increase water quality by recreating environment and improving conditions of water usage on the territories where sources of surface waters are found, and also by step-by-step rehabilitation and modernization of all the operating water supply stations and adapting new purification technologies.
Water disposal system
In terms of the sewerage system, the General Plan provides for the following actions: to increase efficiency of the sewerage system and increase its daily capacity to 626 thousand m3 by modernizing existing facilities of total biological purification and setting up the, so called, bioponds, for additional purification of water drain. Among the other actions, there is construction of emergency sewage disposal to the Ili river and three circles of the suburb collector; improvement of the sewerage system; creating of new mainline collectors; replacement of the obsolete networks; erection of two pumping stations and pressure conduits (37 km) and the construction of a drain siphon over the Bolshaya Almatinka river (4 km) and bridge between fish ponds (1 km). Moreover, it is planned to refine on technologies and upgrade sewage treatment by improving technological processes so that to prevent from discharging into the municipal sewerage inadmissible wastes and to introduce new biological purification technologies on airing stations.
Heat supply system
Within the framework of the General Plan, the main direction of developing the heat supply system in Almaty is as follows:
• upgrading, reequipping and developing existing heat supply systems based on modern technologies and equipment;
• disposing advanced, high quality and non-conventional thermal and electric power sources in the zone of decentralized heat supply.
In terms of heating system, the following actions are stipulated:
• to replace step-by-step the automated heating and power station – 1 ( АТЭЦ -1) with new, ecologically safe equipment with capacity of around 1300 Gkkal/h, the main fuel is natural gas;
• to supplement the automated heating and power station – 2 ( АТЭЦ -2) with two energetic boilers and one tuboset. It is offered to use coal of better quality for this station as fuel. Natural gas is used as cushion fuel. The capacity determined is 1700 Гкал \ час ;
• construction of thermal lines from АТЭЦ -2 to the Western thermal district with total length of approximately 30 km, construction of a connecting thermal line between АТЭЦ -2 and АТЭЦ -1 to the pumping station with the length of 13 km, construction and reinforcement of certain parts of thermal lines in the context of the existing heat supply system;
• construction of a new boiler-house on the north fueled by gas (this district is located to the west from Pervomaika village);
• reconstruction, modernization, development of regional boiler-houses on the south;
• setting up new thermal networks and reconstructing the existing networks, using modern technologies and channel-free packing.
Power supply system
The General Plan presents two conceptions of the power supply system development.
Conception of minimum: the generating capacity of municipal power stations is dropping out, taking into account the results of using main equipment at АТЭЦ -1,2,3.
Conception of maximum: compliance with the 2030 Programme of Power Industry Development ratified by the Government Resolution of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the 2005 Plan of Action for achieving energetic independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Emerging shortfall should be insensibly covered using the Ekibastuz hydroelectric power station during the next 10-15 years, provided that the current voltage of existing power networks equals 500 МВ as a maximum. In future, this figure can vary from 500 кВ to 800 МВт.
As a long-term project, it is planned to construct the main power station on the platform of Chiganak and therefore to cover emerging shortfall.
The main directions of developing the city power supply systems are as follows: reconstructing and reequiping power grids and facilities located in the areas where construction is being carried out; condensing of losses by reducing transit power flows through the municipal networks (35-110 ке ); creating new power stations (110/10 кв ) to supply power for new residential areas; developing external backbone networks (220 кВ and more); constructing two power station which voltage is 220/110 кв and accomplishment a circle of high-voltage transmission lines (220 кВ ) around the city; adapting energy-efficient technologies and differentiated tariffs for power consumption.
Gas supply system
The General Plan is aimed at solving all problems related to natural gas supply for consumers of all categories. To provide consumers with the forecasted volume of gas and fulfill all the regulations regarding constructing facilities and gas supply systems, the project stipulates the following measures:
• construction of two gas-distributing stations « ГРС -3» and « ГРС -2 А », their capacity is 690 thousand m3/per hour and 550 thousand м 3/per hour;
• reconstruction of ГРС -1 and ГРС -2 so that these stations could be exploited as gas-regulating high pressure units;
• construction of twp key gas-regulating units;
• construction and assembling of gas regulating units in the districts where new buildings are situated;
• building of high pressure, low pressure and middle pressure gas conduits to connect the projected and reconstructed districts.
The General Plan presents two variants of gas flow forecasting: maximum gas flows provided that power sources are totally used (i.e. 1085,0 thousand m3/per hour), and gas flows without taking in account fuel consumed by АТЭЦ -2 and the boiler-room on the north (i.e. 785,8 thousand m3/per hour).
6. General Plan Implementation and Monitoring
Executive and legislative authorities of Almaty are responsible for the General Plan implementation and monitoring.
The Almaty Akimat regularly informs the residents of Almaty on the interim results of the General Plan implementation. Given the 2005 short-term Almaty development programme, the General Plan needs to be adjusted.
The General Plan is subject to adjustments each five years. The main goal is to adapt a short-term urban development programme for the next year and make necessary adjustments to the General Plan, review main directions of urban development and update general schemes of Almaty zoning.
their inflows. City rivers and lakes are the main water supply sources for Almaty.
On July 1 1855 the first displaced Kazakh appeared in Verniy. Since 1856, Verniy started accepting Russian peasants. They founded the Bolshaya Almatinskaya Stanitsa (Cossack village) nearby the fortification. The inflow of migrants was increasing and led to construction of the Malaya Almatinskaya Statitsa and Tatarskaya (Tashkentskaya) sloboda. It was the place of settlement for Tatar mechants and craftsmen. In May 1859 the number of population totaled 5,000 persons. Construction activities were managed by engineer L. Aleksandrovskiy and military engineer T. Gumnitskiy.
The earthquake deteriorated the image of the city. As a result, people were inclined to build up one-storied construction made of wood or adobe. Significant contribution to the reconstruction and improvement of the city image was made by A.P.Zenkov. He was a military engineer and architect. He was the first to elaborate and deploy the seismic construction standards (for example, Cathedral).
1941-1945. During the World War II the city territory was changed to a large extent . To organize the home front and concentrate industrial and material resources, the residential stock was compressed to arrange accommodation for 26,000 persons evacuated. Alma-Ata hosted over 30 industrial facilities from the front areas, 8 evacuated hospitals, 15 institutes, universities and technical schools, around 20 cultural institutions, etc. Movie production companies from Leningrad , Kiev and Moscow were also evacuated to Alma-Ata .
